1. Winchester Princess Dating Site
2. Winchester Princess Dating Sites
3. Winchester Princess Dating App
4. Winchester Princess Dating Website

Kate formally names Royal Princess cruise ship. Performance was the highlight of a gala ceremony that included a formal blessing and a prayer from the Bishop of Winchester and a performance. A young girl was found caged and attempting to eat herself in a mobile home in Virginia, and cops say her parents are responsible.

Cross Bones is a disused post-medievalburial ground on Redcross Way in Southwark, south London.^[2] Up to 15,000 people are believed to have been buried there. It was closed in 1853.

Cross Bones is thought to have been established originally as an unconsecrated graveyard for prostitutes, or 'single women', who were known locally as 'Winchester Geese' because they were licensed by the Bishop of Winchester to work within the Liberty of the Clink.^[1][3] The area lay outside the jurisdiction of the City of London and as a consequence became known for its brothels and theatres, as well as bull and bear baiting, activities not permitted within the City itself.^[4][5] By 1769 it had become a pauper's cemetery servicing St. Saviour's parish.

History[edit]

Origins[edit]

Winchester Princess Dating Site

John Stow, in his A Survey of London (1598), made mention of a 'Single Woman's churchyard' in Southwark, near the Clink:

Next on this [west bank of the Thames] was sometimes the Bordello, or Stewes, a place so called of certain stew-houses privileged there, for the repair of incontinent men to the like women ... I have heard of ancient men, of good credit, report, that these single women were forbidden the rites of the church, so long as they continued that sinful life, and were excluded from Christian burial, if they were not reconciled before their death. And therefore there was a plot of ground called the Single Woman's churchyard, appointed for them far from the parish church.^[6]

It was mentioned again in 1795 in a history of St. Saviour's, Southwark:

Our readers will remember that, in the account we have given of the Stews on Bank-side, mention is made of a piece of ground, called the Single Woman’s Burying Ground, set apart as the burial place of those unfortunate females; we are very much inclined to believe this was the spot, for in early times the ceremony of consecration would certainly not have been omitted; and if it had been performed, it would doubtless have appeared by some register, either in the possession of the Bishop of Winchester, or in the proper ecclesiastical court. We find no other place answering the description given of a ground appropriated as a burial place for these women, circumstances, therefore, justify the supposition of this being the place; for it was said, the ground was not consecrated; and the ordination was that they should not be buried in any spot so sanctified.^[7]

The antiquarian William Taylor wrote in 1833: “There is an unconsecrated burial ground known as the Cross Bones at the corner of Redcross Street, formerly called the Single Woman's burial ground, which is said to have been used for this purpose.'^[1] By 1769 it was being used as a cemetery for the poor of St. Saviour's parish. Up to 15,000 people are believed to have been buried there.^[8]

Closure and sale[edit]

The graveyard was closed in 1853 because it was 'completely overcharged with dead', and further burials were deemed 'inconsistent with a due regard for the public health and public decency'.^[9] According to Southwark writer John Constable, the land was sold as a building site in 1883, prompting an objection from Lord Brabazon in November that year in a letter to The Times, asking that it be saved from 'such desecration'.^[10] Constable writes that the sale was declared null and void the following year under the Disused Burial Grounds Act 1884, and that subsequent attempts to develop the site were opposed by local people, as was its brief use as a fairground. After removal of remains to the parish facilities in Brookwood, Surrey, the site was covered in warehousing and other commercial buildings.^[11]

Excavation[edit]

Excavations were conducted on the land by the Museum of London Archaeology Service between 1991 and 1998 in connection with the construction of London Underground's Jubilee line. Southwark Council reports that the archaeologists found a highly overcrowded graveyard with bodies piled on top of one another. Tests showed those buried had suffered from smallpox, tuberculosis, Paget's disease, osteoarthritis, and vitamin D deficiency.^[12]

A dig in 1992 uncovered 148 graves, dating from between 1800 and 1853. Over one third of the bodies were perinatal (between 22 weeks gestation and seven days after birth), and a further 11 percent were under one year old. The adults were mostly women aged 36 and older.^[4]

Depictions in media[edit]

Beginning in 1996, Constable began to publish The Southwark Mysteries, a series of poems and mystery plays.^[3] The work has been performed in Shakespeare's Globe and in Southwark Cathedral.^[13] Interest generated by The Southwark Mysteries inspired the Cross Bones Halloween festival, celebrated every year since 1998 with a procession, candles and songs.^[11]

In 2004, London writer and poet Frank Molloy wrote the verse 'Big Daves Gusset' about the burial plot. The title refers to a piece of graffiti on the adjacent wall of a burnt-out shed. The poem was included in his 2020 book Soul City Wandering.

In August 2019, English singer-songwriter Frank Turner included a song about Cross Bones, called 'The Graveyard of the Outcast Dead', on his album No Man's Land. Additionally, his podcast, Frank Turner's Tales From No Man's Land, includes an episode about the history of Cross Bones. Also in 2019 another English singer-songwriter, Reg Meuross, included the song 'The Crossbones Graveyard' on his album 'RAW'.^[14]

An informal local group, Friends of Cross Bones, has campaigned for a permanent memorial garden.^[15] The network liaised with Bankside Open Spaces Trust during 2013–18 to create and maintain a community garden of remembrance dedicated to the 'outcast dead'. The current garden is a result of hard work of the Friends of Cross Bones over 20 years.^[16] The graveyard gates are permanently decorated by a changing array of messages, ribbons, flowers and other tokens; a short memorial ceremony is held at the gates on the 23rd of each month in the early evening.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcLovejoy, Bess (21 October 2014). 'The London Graveyard That's Become a Memorial for the City’s Seedier Past', Smithsonian.com.
2. ^Hausner, Sondra L. (2016). The Spirits of Crossbones Graveyard: Time, Ritual, and Sexual Commerce in London. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
3. ^ ^abConstable, John (1999). The Southwark Mysteries. London: Oberon Books, pp. 264-265, 304-305.
4. ^ ^abMikulski, R. (28 March 2007). 'Cross Bones burial ground', Museum of London Archeology Service.
5. ^Kettler, Sarah Valente and Trimble, Carol. The Amateur Historian's Guide to Medieval and Tudor London, 1066-1600. London: Capital Books, p. 155.
6. ^Stow, John (1842) [1598]. Thoms, William (ed.). A Survey of London. London: Whittaker and Co. p. 151.
7. ^Concanen, Matthew; Morgan, Aaron (1795). The History and Antiquities of the Parish of St. Saviour's, Southwark. London: J. Parsons. p. 261.
8. ^The Cross Bones Burial Ground, Redcross Way, Southwark, London. Museum of London, 1999, pp. vii, 4, 29.
9. ^MoLAS monograph (1999). The Cross Bones Burial Ground, Redcross Way, Southwark, London. Museum of London, pp. vii, 4, 29; 'Cross Bones Graveyard'Archived 30 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Southwark Council.

   Walsh, John (14 March 2006). 'Tales of the City: At the Cross Bones graveyard you can almost hear', The Independent.

10. ^Lord Brabazon, Letter to the Editor, The Times, 10 November 1883, cited in Constable, John (2005). 'Cross Bones graveyard', The Southwark Mysteries website.
11. ^ ^abConstable, John (2005). 'Cross Bones graveyard'. The Southwark Mysteries website.
12. ^'Cross Bones Graveyard'Archived 30 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Southwark Council, retrieved 25 December 2007.
13. ^'Shrouded in History', South London Press, 20 April 2000, p. 6; Petre, Jonathan and Sturdy, Gareth (14 May 2000). 'Dean Rejects Critics Of Southwark's 'Swearing Jesus' Mystery Play'Archived 21 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, The Sunday Telegraph.
14. ^Pratt, David (3 October 2019). 'Reg Meuross: Raw - Folk Radio'. Folk Radio UK. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
15. ^Constable, John (2007). Secret Bankside: Walks In the Outlaw Borough. London: Oberon Books, pp. 28–29, 80–81, 120–121.
16. ^'History'. Crossbones.

Further reading[edit]

• Brickley, Megan; Miles, Adrian; and Stainer, Hilary (1999). The Cross Bones Burial Ground, Redcross Way, Southwark, London. Museum of London Archeology Service.
• Ogden, A. R.; Pinhasi, R.; and White, W. J. (2007). 'Gross enamel hypoplasia in molars from sub-adults in a 16th–18th century London graveyard'. American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
• Tucker, F. (8 November 2007). 'Kill or Cure? The osteological evidence of the mercury treatment of syphilis in 17th to 19th-century London'. London Archaeologist. 11(8), pp. 220–224.
• Audio slideshow: Cross Bones, BBC News.
• Video montage and commentary, BBC News, 31 October 2010

Coordinates: 51°30′15″N0°05′35″W / 51.5042°N 0.093°W

History of Anchor Hocking

Anchor Hocking first came into existence when Isaac J. Collins and six friends raised $8,000 to buy the Lancaster Carbon Company, Lancaster, Ohio, when it went into receivership in 1905. The company's facility was known as the Black Cat from all the carbon dust. Mr. Collins, a native of Salisbury, Maryland, had been working in the decorating department of the Ohio Flint Glass Company when this opportunity arose. Unfortunately the $8,000 that was raised was not sufficient to purchase and operate the new company, so Mr. Collins enlisted the help of Mr. E. B. Good. With a check for $17,000 provided by Mr. Good, one building, two day-tanks, and 50 employees, Mr. Collins was able to begin Hocking Glass Company operations at the Hocking Glass Company.

The company, named for the Hocking River near which the plant was located, made and sold approximately $20,000 worth of glassware in the first year. Production was expanded with the purchase of another day-tank. This project was funded by selling $5,000 in stock to Thomas Fulton, who was to become the Secretary-Treasurer.

Just when everything seemed to be going well, tragedy struck the company in 1924 when the Black Cat was reduced to ashes by a tremendous fire. Mr. Collins and his associates were not discouraged. They managed to raise the funding to build what is known as Plant 1 on top of the ashes of the Black Cat. This facility was specifically designed for the production of glassware. Later in that same year, the company also purchased controlling interest in the Lancaster Glass Company (later called Plant 2) and the Standard Glass Manufacturing Company with plants in Bremen and Canal Winchester, Ohio.

The development of a revolutionary machine that pressed glass automatically would save the company when the Great Depression hit. The new machine raised production rates from 1 item per minute to over 30 items per minute. When the 1929 stock market crash hit, the company responded by developing a 15-mold machine that could produce 90 pieces of blown glass per minute. This allowed the company to sell tumblers 'two for a nickel' and survive the depression when so many other companies vanished.

Hocking Glass Company entered the glass container business in 1931 with the purchase of 50% of the General Glass Company, which in turn acquired Turner Glass Company of Winchester, Indiana. In 1934, Hocking and its subsidiary developed the first one-way beer bottle.

Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation came into existence on December 31, 1937 when the Anchor Cap and Closure Corporation and its subsidiaries merged with the Hocking Glass Company. The Anchor Cap and Closure Corporation had closure plants in Long Island City, New York and Toronto, Canada, and glass container plants in Salem, New Jersey and Connellsville, Pennsylvania.

Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation continued to expand into other areas of production such as tableware, closure and sealing machinery, and toiletries and cosmetic containers through the expansion of existing facilities and the purchase of Baltimore, Maryland based Carr-Lowry Glass Company and the west coast Maywood Glass. In the 1950s, the corporation established the Research and Development Center in Lancaster, Ohio, purchased the Tropical Glass and Container Company in Jacksonville, Florida, and built a new facility in San Leandro, California in 1959.

In 1962, the company built a new glass container plant in Houston, Texas while also adding a second unit to the Research and Development Center, known as the General Development Laboratory. In 1963 Zanesville Mold Company in Ohio became an Anchor Hocking Corporation subsidiary. The company designed and manufactured mold equipment for Anchor Hocking.

The word 'Glass' was dropped from the company's name in 1969 because the company had evolved into an international company with an infinite product list. They had entered the plastic market in 1968 with the acquisition of Plastics Incorporated in St. Paul, Minnesota. They continued to expand their presence in the plastic container market with the construction of a plant in Springdale, Ohio. This plant was designed to produce blown mold plastic containers. Anchor Hocking Corporation entered the lighting field in September 1970 with the purchase of Phoenix Glass Company in Monaca, Pennsylvania. They also bought the Taylor, Smith & Taylor Company, located in Chester, West Virginia, to make earthenware, fine stoneware, institutional china dinnerware, and commemorative collector plates.

Winchester Princess Dating Sites

Over the years, several changes occurred in the company. Phoenix Glass Company was destroyed by fire on 15 July 1978, Shenango China (new Castle, Pennsylvania) was purchased in 28 March 1979, Taylor, Smith & Taylor was sold on 30 September 1981, and on 1 April 1983 the company's decided to divest its interest in the Glass Container Division to an affiliate of the Wesray Corporation. The Glass Container Division was to be known as the Anchor Glass Container Corporation with seven manufacturing plants and its office in Lancaster, Ohio.

The Newell Corporation acquired the Anchor Hocking Corporation on 2 July 1987. With this renewed influx of capital, several facilities were upgraded and some less profitable facilities were either closed or sold. The Clarksburg, West Virginia, facility was closed in November 1987, Shenango China was sold on 22 January 1988, and Carr-Lowry Glass was sold on 12 October 1989. Today, Anchor Hocking enjoys the financial backing and resources as one of the 18 decentralized Newell Companies that manufacture and market products in four basic markets: house wares, hardware, home furnishings, and office products. You may recognize such familiar Newell Companies such as Intercraft, Levolor Home Fashions, Anchor Hocking Glass, Goody Products, Anchor Hocking Specialty Glass, Sanford, Stuart Hall, Newell Home Furnishings, Amerock, BerzOmatic, or Lee/Rowan.

Earlier in 2001, Newell Corporation entered into negotiations with Libbey Glass for the purchase and transfer of Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation. After months of negotiations, Libbey Glass withdrew their offer in the midst of serious objections by the federal government. Newell Corporation eventually sold several of its businesses, including Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation, to Global Home Products (GHP). GHP is owned by Cerberus Capital Management, which specializes in turning around underperforming brands. Despite all cost-cutting efforts in this weak economy, Global Home Products and Anchor Hocking filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in April 2006 and the Anchor Hocking assets were sold to a unit of Monomoy Capital Partners, a New York-based private equity firm. The future of Anchor Hocking is uncertain at this point in time.

Winchester Princess Dating App

Anchor Hocking and Other Confusing Markings

Anchor Hocking basically used only three markings over its history. The original 'HG over Co' was used from 1905 until 1937, the 'anchor over H' used from 1937 until 1968, and the 'anchor in the square' mark used from 1968 until recently. The company has started using a stylizied 'anchor over H' in the last few years. The marks are pictured below.

Federal Glass Company

The 'F in the shield' is often identified as Anchor Hocking's Fire King; however, it is the mark of Federal Glass Company.

Winchester Princess Dating Website

Hazel Atlas

The 'large H over the small A' mark is one of the most common mis-identifications. The emblem was used by the Hazel Atlas Glass Company and not Anchor Hocking.

Anchor Glass Container Company

This company has both a confusing name and emblem. To add to the problem, Anchor Glass Container Company now occupies many former Anchor Hocking Glass Company plants. The sign below was photographed on the Salem, NJ former plant for Anchor Hocking Glass Company.

© COPYRIGHT 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED